Module 6
2. What was distinctive about the end of Europe’s African and Asian empires compared to other cases of imperial disintegration?
Distinctive things that brought African and Asian empires to and end was the rise of other states and World War I and II. Also, never before had the end of empire been so associated with the mobilization of the masses around a nationalist ideology; nor had earlier cases of imperial dissolution generated such a plethora of nation-states, each claiming an equal place in a world of nation-states. This information was on page 978 of Strayer. Following World War I Strayer said it was giving a rise to a number of new states in Europe and the Middle East. Meanwhile, World War II ended the German and Japanese empires. African and Asian movements for independence shared with these other end-of-empire stories the ideal of national self-determination. Humankind was also divided into distinct peoples or nations which deserved an independent state of its town and was said to be the winning side of both world wars. Empires without territory, such as the powerful influence that the United States exercised in Latin America, likewise came under attack from highly nationalist governments. This tells us a few things happened to the other cases and lots of things were changing for everyone during this time.
3. What international circumstances and social changes contributed to the end of colonial empires?
Independence of colonial empires was what put an end to colonial empires.
Ideal of nation self-determination was at odds with domination of colonies. Conjecture of world wars, which discredited European superiority plus the UN provided a platform from which to conduct anti colonial agitation. Strayer talks about this section on page 979 and that is how I got my evidence. Social and economic circumstances within the colonies them- selves generated the human raw material for anticolonial movements. By the early twentieth century in Asia and the mid-twentieth century in Africa, a second or third generation of Western-educated elites, largely male, had arisen throughout the colonial world. These young men were thoroughly familiar with European culture; they were deeply aware of the gap between its values and its practices; they no longer viewed colonial rule as a vehicle for their peoples’ progress as their fathers had; and they increasingly insisted on immediate independence. This quote can be found on Strayer. Veterans of the world wars; young people with some education but no jobs commensurate with their expectations; a small class of urban workers who were increasingly aware of their exploitation; small-scale female traders resentful of European privileges; rural dwellers who had lost land or suffered from forced labor; impoverished and insecure newcomers to the cities and all of these groups had reason to believe that independence held great promise.
4. What obstacles confronted the leaders of movements for independence?
Many reformations and alliances were conflicts the leaders had to solve to become independent. The people's agency played an important role as well. Leaders had to organize political parties, recruit members, plot strategy, develop an ideology, and negotiate both with one another and with the colonial power to secure the transition to independence; in some regions like settler-dominated colonies and Portuguese territories leaders also directed military operations and administered liberated areas.Also, beneath the common goal of independence, anticolonial groups struggled with one another over questions of leadership, power, strategy, ideology, and the distribution of material benefits. These facts can be found on page 982 on Strayer, this is great evidence. Struggles for independence were rarely if ever cohesive movements of uniformly oppressed people. More often, they were fragile alliances representing different classes, ethnic groups, religions, or regions. Beneath the common goal of independence, people struggled with one another over questions of leadership, power, strategy, ideology, and the distribution of material benefits, even as they fought and negotiated with their colonial rulers. These facts that I learned were so interesting to me and were very reliable. In some places, that struggle, once begun, produced independence within a few years, four in the case of the Belgian Congo. Elsewhere it was measured in many decades.
Distinctive things that brought African and Asian empires to and end was the rise of other states and World War I and II. Also, never before had the end of empire been so associated with the mobilization of the masses around a nationalist ideology; nor had earlier cases of imperial dissolution generated such a plethora of nation-states, each claiming an equal place in a world of nation-states. This information was on page 978 of Strayer. Following World War I Strayer said it was giving a rise to a number of new states in Europe and the Middle East. Meanwhile, World War II ended the German and Japanese empires. African and Asian movements for independence shared with these other end-of-empire stories the ideal of national self-determination. Humankind was also divided into distinct peoples or nations which deserved an independent state of its town and was said to be the winning side of both world wars. Empires without territory, such as the powerful influence that the United States exercised in Latin America, likewise came under attack from highly nationalist governments. This tells us a few things happened to the other cases and lots of things were changing for everyone during this time.
3. What international circumstances and social changes contributed to the end of colonial empires?
Independence of colonial empires was what put an end to colonial empires.
Ideal of nation self-determination was at odds with domination of colonies. Conjecture of world wars, which discredited European superiority plus the UN provided a platform from which to conduct anti colonial agitation. Strayer talks about this section on page 979 and that is how I got my evidence. Social and economic circumstances within the colonies them- selves generated the human raw material for anticolonial movements. By the early twentieth century in Asia and the mid-twentieth century in Africa, a second or third generation of Western-educated elites, largely male, had arisen throughout the colonial world. These young men were thoroughly familiar with European culture; they were deeply aware of the gap between its values and its practices; they no longer viewed colonial rule as a vehicle for their peoples’ progress as their fathers had; and they increasingly insisted on immediate independence. This quote can be found on Strayer. Veterans of the world wars; young people with some education but no jobs commensurate with their expectations; a small class of urban workers who were increasingly aware of their exploitation; small-scale female traders resentful of European privileges; rural dwellers who had lost land or suffered from forced labor; impoverished and insecure newcomers to the cities and all of these groups had reason to believe that independence held great promise.
4. What obstacles confronted the leaders of movements for independence?
Many reformations and alliances were conflicts the leaders had to solve to become independent. The people's agency played an important role as well. Leaders had to organize political parties, recruit members, plot strategy, develop an ideology, and negotiate both with one another and with the colonial power to secure the transition to independence; in some regions like settler-dominated colonies and Portuguese territories leaders also directed military operations and administered liberated areas.Also, beneath the common goal of independence, anticolonial groups struggled with one another over questions of leadership, power, strategy, ideology, and the distribution of material benefits. These facts can be found on page 982 on Strayer, this is great evidence. Struggles for independence were rarely if ever cohesive movements of uniformly oppressed people. More often, they were fragile alliances representing different classes, ethnic groups, religions, or regions. Beneath the common goal of independence, people struggled with one another over questions of leadership, power, strategy, ideology, and the distribution of material benefits, even as they fought and negotiated with their colonial rulers. These facts that I learned were so interesting to me and were very reliable. In some places, that struggle, once begun, produced independence within a few years, four in the case of the Belgian Congo. Elsewhere it was measured in many decades.
thanks for being so detailed!! good job :)
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